HIV has become one of the most feared diseases of the 21st century because of the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the causative organism of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the failure of modern medicine to find a cure for it. It was once thought to result in a "medical apocalypse" of millions of HIV infected people. It is now possible, however, to control HIV with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART adherence helps to retain control of the viral load and to extend the time of progression to AIDS, resulting in near average life expectancy. Even with the advent of ART, for a variety of reasons, including adverse side effects, substance addiction, psychiatric illness, socioeconomic status, literacy, and social stigma, a large number of patients refuse to adhere to ART.

Soon after the first official identification of HIV patients in the USA, HIV-1 was established as the causative organism. HIV-2 was first identified in 1985 in Africa and is distinctly distinct from HIV-1. It closely resembles the simian virus, which in captivity infects macaques. Simian viruses that naturally infect African primates are suspected of transmitting HIV-1 and HIV-2 to humans via multiple cross-species transmissions.

After its discovery, the global prevalence of HIV has grown and has now spread across the world despite advances in antiretroviral therapies (ART). In developing countries, mortality and morbidity rates related to HIV infection remain high, primarily due to food insecurity and malnutrition. Other reasons behind the widespread spread of HIV in the general population are long-term concurrent sexual relationships and high infectivity during the early phase of HIV infections.

The immune system is the main site of the attack, especially the CD4 T-lymphocytes (CD4 cells). When infected, the virus overpowers the host's protection mechanisms steadily and secretly, resulting in opportunistic infections and otherwise uncommon cancers. In stimulating cell-mediated and humoral immune systems, activated and differentiated CD4 cells play a pivotal role.

Infection with HIV results in the loss of peripheral blood CD4 cells. The depletion persists over a period of several years among untreated patients until the patient succumbs to AIDS. It is the last step of HIV infection and occurs anywhere from two to 15 years after infection.

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